Buell, Don Carlos

Buell, Don Carlos Buell, Don Carlos, 1818â€"98, Union general in the Civil War, b. near Marietta, Ohio, grad. West Point, 1841. Buell was appointed brigadier general of volunteers in the Civil War (May, 1861), helped organize the Army of the Potomac, and took command of the Dept. of Ohio (Nov., 1861). He supported Grant's move up the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers by marching on Bowling Green, and after the fall of Fort Donelson he pursued the retreating Confederates to Nashville. In Mar., 1862, he was placed under Gen. H. W. Halleck and made major general of the Army of the Ohio, in which service he played a decisive role at Shiloh (see Shiloh, battle of ). He forced the Confederates to retreat from Kentucky at Perryville (Oct. 8, 1962) but was dilatory in his pursuit. He was replaced by Gen. W. S. Rosecrans ; subsequently he was investigated by the military and discharged. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Buell, Don Carlos

Buell, Don Carlos Buell, Don Carlos, 1818â€"98, Union general in the Civil War, b. near Marietta, Ohio, grad. West Point, 1841. Buell was appointed brigadier general of volunteers in the Civil War (May, 1861), helped organize the Army of the Potomac, and took command of the Dept. of Ohio (Nov., 1861). He supported Grant's move up the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers by marching on Bowling Green, and after the fall of Fort Donelson he pursued the retreating Confederates to Nashville. In Mar., 1862, he was placed under Gen. H. W. Halleck and made major general of the Army of the Ohio, in which service he played a decisive role at Shiloh (see Shiloh, battle of ). He forced the Confederates to retreat from Kentucky at Perryville (Oct. 8, 1962) but was dilatory in his pursuit. He was replaced by Gen. W. S. Rosecrans ; subsequently he was investigated by the military and discharged. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Horrors of Animal Testing Essay - 657 Words

Animal testing for human safety is inhumane and must be banned. Beloved house pets such as rodents, rabbits and even dogs are being tested on all over the world. These powerless and voiceless animals are intentionally given dreadful diseases to find cures while scientists could be finding alternative ways of testing instead of using our furry friends. Furthermore, the tests are not precise because there have been products found to cause cancer in animals but also cures human ailments. Why are humans authorised to conduct such inhumane things, who gave humans the power of heartlessly torturing feeble animals? Rodents and rabbits have become the animal of choice for scientists to use for testing because they are the few animals still†¦show more content†¦These processes are more accurate than testing on rabbits because there can be a tangible result to the product instead of the subjective guesses of scientists monitoring the redness and swelling of the unfortunate rabbit. (Choose cruelty free n.d). Cosmetic companies performing tests on animals can, as an alternative, use human volunteers. They can use them by placing the product on the volunteers’ upper back and covering it for up to two days to determine whether it is bothersome. This type of test is more appropriate than testing on rabbits because the subject, unlike animals, can describe any symptoms that are occurring (Choose cruelty free n.d). Animal testing is placing animals in unnecessary pain and discomfort and must be stopped. There have been products found to be harmful against animals but life saving to humans and vice versa; these tests are inaccurate. The drugs tested on these creatures would and do act differently on that specific animal than to humans. Drug testing on rats to determine whether it is safe on humans is not accurate because rats are a totally different genotype than humans their reactions to the drugs are different (Hussein EM et al 2008). Also scientists have found a cure to cancer in mice but this cure is incompatible with humans (BUAV n.d). Furthermore, eye irritability tests that are conducted on rabbits are not precise because rabbitsShow MoreRelatedThe Horror that is Animal Testing 970 Words   |  4 Pages do you know what animals have gone through to get it on the shelves? It is something we’ll never have to imagine going through, so why should animals? Animal testing is not necessary. Animals simply don’t have a choice if they want to be experimentd on. What m akes me angry, is there are alternative methods to testing, so animals don’t need to suffer. Animals have to endure terrible pain, fear, and loneliness, which is cruel and mean on our part. The pros and cons to testing don’t even out. ClearyRead More Horrors of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Horrors of Animal Testing    The torture and murder of millions of animals annually has been occurring for centuries now. Every year we ignore it, and every year the numbers grow. The act of vivisection or the practice of experimenting on animals began because of religious prohibitions against dissection of human corpses. After religious leaders lifted these prohibitions, it was too late. Vivisection had become a major part of medical and educational research. As well as major part of productRead MoreAnimals Is Inhumane, And Animal Testing853 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing along, testing on animals is inhumane, and animal testing, an unbearable act, is universally unwanted by all. Not just animal lovers peering in through the outside disapprove or have a disliking for the tests, but also those from within (and not just the animals) have a distaste for the tests too. Animal testing may hope to advance humans (and lifestyles), whilst preventing or delaying deaths and unnecessarily assuring a cosmetic’s sa fety, but (ironically) at the expense or reverse ofRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesyears now people have been using animal experimentation to create new ways to help save the human race. There are people who believe that it does help, and that it is necessary to continue, while others oppose and want to fight for the elimination of animal experimentation. Scientists fight for the cures needed to help man kind, but struggle to do so as people fight against their work in progress. But as Jennifer A. Hurley stated, â€Å"History has already shown that animal experimentation is not essentialRead MoreShould We Still Be Using Animals As Our Test Subjects?942 Words   |  4 PagesShould we still be using animals as our test subjects in 2014? Some people say animal testing is good because it helps us find cures to serious illnesses, but in fact the chances of a cure which works on humans has a very slim success to failure ratio. The best DNA match for human s are humans themselves. I strongly believe that we should not be testing on animals and should be using alternative testing methods such as in vitro (test tube) or in silico (computer modelling). One of the main reasonsRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Morally Wrong? Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesHumans are animals, and as such it is morally wrong to use them to test pharmaceuticals intended for use by humans. Those who support animal experimentation believe it is a necessary evil, in part due to the false information put out by the media. The so-called benefits of animal testing have not helped humans for years, yet in many countries the law still requires researchers use animals to test their medications. In fact, although alternatives have been found, few steps have been taken to put anRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Morally Wrong? Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesSeeing as humans are animals it is morally wrong to use animals to test human products. Due to the false information put out by the media, those who support animal believe what the media states about it being a necessary evil. The so-called benefits from animal testing have not helped humans for years, but is now legally re quired in many countries. Although alternatives have been found, few steps have been taken to put an end to animal experimentation. The way activists present their argument isRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1521 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion animals are killed each year in the name of animal testing. Now as some might say that sacrifice is needed for the common good, it is safe to say that animal testing may be taking it over the top to get such test results for the common good. Animal testing has been a common practice for many years to get results and side effects for food, drugs, pesticides, beauty products, and just about everything one uses in an average day. But now, in the modern world where ethics and animals rightsRead MoreAnimal Testing Is An Act Of Animal Cruelty952 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of animals are stuck inside cold, locked cages in laboratories across the country. They dwindle in pain, throb with loneliness, and yearn to roam free and use their ow n minds. Instead, all they do is lie and wait in despair for the next terrifying and agonizing operation that is to be performed on them. They shudder and wince in fear whenever someone walks past their cage. After surviving lives of pain, isolation, and horror, near to all of them will be killed. Although animal testing bringsRead MoreVivisection Essay example1710 Words   |  7 PagesEvery year in the USA about 70 million animals are experimented on (Monamy 34). Almost all these animals are euthanized after they are no longer needed. But I’m not going to focus on the moral aspect of this subject because that would be a never ending argument of opinions. After doing research I found that there are more important reasons why this practice should be modified. Our government’s dependence on vivisection should be toned down or totally replaced because it is misleading, its faulty

Sexism and New York City - 1459 Words

The city serves as a home to all the voyeurs, vagabonds and flaneurs that the world has to offer. The city is inviting to all people from all walks of life, it says â€Å"Come in, grab a seat and while you’re at it observe all the beauty that is around you.† It comes as no surprise that when walking through the complex streets and alley ways of the city you are under constant surveillance from all; whether it be the advertisement models on the billboards or the people on the second floor of the TGIFriday’s across the street. As a city walker, you find yourself in the gaze of others and at times those others even attract your gaze as well. While there might not be any real harm in simply looking someone’s way, a gaze can be a very dangerous thing to be caught in if you are a woman. Much like our American media, the city is saturated in catering to the male gaze. This means objectifying and subjecting woman into lesser roles under men. The male gaze can lead to dangerous situations for a woman on her own in the city and although many people argue that sexism no longer exists in our world, or the world of New York City I can assure you that it still permeates our society in ways we simply deem â€Å"human nature.† Sexism has become so common in our society that people hardly even notice it at all. Whether it take the form of cat calling specific gender roles, sexism has become a major problem in our world and, more importantly, the city. Imagine for a moment that you are a woman gettingShow MoreRelatedAin ´t I a Women?: Sojourner Truth ´s Speech on Women ´s Rights Essay586 Words   |  3 Pagesevaluating the impact of sexism and racism that black women were subjected to, the history of the feminist movements, and the civil rights movements. In essence, the short and simple speech became and continues to act as a standard expression of the rights of women because it was a powerful rebuke to the then anti-feminist arguments while making her to become a symbol of strong women. The author of the speech, Sojourner Truth, was born into slavery in the state of New York as Isabella Baumfree iRead More Social Stratification and The Movie Sweet Home Alabama Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter. The main character Melanie Carmichael left her small town Alabama home and achieved an impressive upward social mobility. She began her life as a daughter of a respectful working class family to become a world famous fashion designer in New York City. At the beginning of the movie, Andrew, the mayor’s son, proposes to Melanie. She says yes, but before she can marry him, she has to clear up a not so final divorce with Jake, her high school sweetheart she left behind. 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For instance, sexism in Arabic, Islamic countries, such as Afghanistan, is rampant and, unfortunately, not under control. Extremists believe sexism is merely a figment of the accuser’sRead MoreWilliam Douglas s Enlightened Sexism : The Seductive Message That Feminism s Work Is Done By Susan Douglas1656 Words   |  7 PagesI. Bibliographic Reference Douglas, S. J. (2010). Enlightened sexism. New York City, New York: Times Books. II. Author’s Background (about 1 paragraph) Susan Douglas is a woman herself, she has gone through the experience that many women have to go through. Because she, herself, is a woman, she is able to speak upon the subject with experience. She knows what she is talking about when it comes to women stereotypes. 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Weird fiction stories cover a wide range of important issues including sexism, the social structure of tourist towns and the disparity of the working class. In the introduction to the book Weird Fiction by S. T. Joshi, different aspects of the weird tale are examined. Joshi states that â€Å"the weird tale†¦did notRead MoreAnalysis Of Emma Amoss Sandy And Her Husband992 Words   |  4 Pagesand this significance also underlies Amoss work.†This is a true statement, because Amos uses vibrant or bold colors in most of her paintings. On the other hand, Amos does not like to be known as a woman of color. When Amos came to New York City she realized that New York artists were for males. Even though she worked with male artists in spiral she still felt downgraded. After spiral ended she decided to go on her own path. Her style in her artwork was very interesting because she cultivated her ownRead MoreGraffiti And Other Artistic Writings1362 Words   |  6 Pageskept hidden from view. Building on Cuban and Mexican racial counter-hegemony, modern Latino and African-American writers sought to defy racist law enforcement policies with graffiti. By the mid twentieth-century in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and New York, graffiti writers of color channeled Cuban and Mexican anti-racism to defy white police control. In 1960s Los Angeles, artists commissioned by â€Å"el movimiento† sought to unite people of color against police brutality through murals underlined withRead MoreThe Problem Of Gender Sexism1716 Words   |  7 Pageslot of powerless groups exist in this world, such as the group of women. The problem of gender sexism exists from the beginning of the history and still continues in today’s society. Women are still inferior to men in my country, whether from family and job status, social position and political views, women are treated unequal and disrespectful, therefore, this problem needs more abundant attention. â€Å"Sexism, like many forms of prejudice, only survives in a traditional environments and this is how it

Risks of Nursing Essay - 1383 Words

According to Dictionary.com a nurse is a person formally educated and trained in the care of the sick or infirm. The encyclopedia states that a nursing diagnosis may be a part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences or responses to actual or potential health problems that life processes. The actual nursing diagnosis could possibly be a factor before one can even become a certified nurse. The nursing diagnosis is a critical part of making sure all the knowledge for the practice is obtained precisely. Risk factors for nurses are currently at its highest peak, because of a lot of new diseases that have spread overtime. Although local hospitals and the government have been able to†¦show more content†¦Unlike regular people that visit the hospital nurses are around patients all the time. The nurses are more prone to receiving all different types of infections, sicknesses, and diseases. Nurses not only can receive certai n types of sicknesses and diseases from being around in a sick environment, but also certain disinfected sprays. For example the first disinfecting spray alkaline glutaralyhede, is a disinfectant is used to sterilize medical instruments. Research in the article of the Assessment of Patients, found that the certain type of spray has association with respiratory problems and often results in respiratory therapy. The hospitals worldwide try their best to enforce the rules of preventing client to nurse transmission, but sometimes the sickness is bigger than they think. â€Å"A communicable disease is caused by an infectious agent that is spread from person to person, either directly or indirectly. In their practice, nurses may accidentally or inadvertently transmit a communicable disease to clients† (crnbc.ca/). The article, Injection Safety states that,† The reuse of needles, syringes and other injection or infusion equipment can result in transmission of blood borne patho gens, endangering patients/residents and staff.† Injection Safety is prevented by making sure one does not reuse needles and syringes. Although it may seem simple and very unbelievable that one might forget; it is not. Majority of needles and syringes that areShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Nursing Documentation Nur 4921008 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management Nursing Documentation Oscar Chavez NUR 492 May 4, 2012 Susan Dean, RN, MSN, FNP Risk Management Nursing Documentation The issue of documentation of patient care has received considerable attention in the last few years for an array of reasons. Trends in society such as increased consumer education, informed consent, expectation for healthy baby, and an increasingly litigious society all contribute to increased risk management awareness on behalf of healthcare facilitiesRead MoreFall Risk : Ethan Wurtz : Foundations Of Nursing1376 Words   |  6 Pages Fall Risk Ethan Wurtz Foundations of Nursing November 11, 2015 When we think about medical safety and the risks we can prevent by proper technique and proper method of planning, we must discuss falls. Medical staff and researchers have discovered that falls are among the most common and reoccurring potentially serious safety problems in a medical environment (Byers White, 2004). Falls greatly affect all types of health care including; acute care, long-term care, and nursing homes, becomingRead MoreFall Safety Risks Of Nursing Homes And Hospitals1784 Words   |  8 Pages Fall Safety Risks in Nursing Homes and Hospitals Frankie Farrant NU 322 11/11/15 Fall Safety Risks in Nursing Homes and Hospitals Falls are easily one of the biggest safety risks to any patient in acute or chronic care. Falls themselves can result in secondary problems that can change a patient’s life and every precaution should be taken to prevent falls in the first place, no matter where care is being given. Many precautions and plans have been made by many different types ofRead MoreFall Risks Of The Older Adult Client And Nursing Interventions1234 Words   |  5 Pages Fall Risks in the Older Adult Client and Nursing Interventions to Prevent Them Debra A. Arnold Oakland Community College Fall Risks in the Older Adult Client and Nursing Interventions to Prevent Them Many people believe that falling is a normal part of the aging process and that if a person lives long enough they will eventually suffer a fall. It is true that some of the physiological changes that occur in every older adult as a normal part of the agingRead MoreThe Need For Classification Of Nursing Data1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Need for Classification of Nursing Data in EHRs In the healthcare industry, nursing is underrepresented in the development of healthcare policies. Current nursing practice depends on the use of standardized nursing terminology and documentation to accurately communicate and identify nursing diagnoses, nursing care provided, and interventions that were performed within healthcare disciplines process (Mennella Caple, 2016). The essential solution to making nursing more visible is having necessaryRead MoreWhat Is Patient Falls Are More Impacted By Inappropriate Staffing, Or Missed Nursing Care?1487 Words   |  6 Pages White, 2013) In the article â€Å"Missed Nursing Care, Staffing, and Patient Falls† by Kalisch, Tschannen and Lee (2012) the authors examine whether patient falls are more impacted by inappropriate staffing, or missed nursing care. Through the process of surveying nurses in 11 acute care hospitals, the authors identified that missed nursing care, especially when nurses do not ambulate their patients, posed the highest risk for patient falls. Missed nursing care impacts patient falls even if staffingRead MoreInformation Systems ( Inss )1537 Words   |  7 PagesNISs have the potential to increase nursing documentation completeness readability, and availability. NISs also provide the means to decrease double documentation and assist with more precise compliance with legal documentation requirements.[2] However, the lack of clinical decision support tools make it difficult for nurses to document guideline implementation and to determine the effects of the nursing care. To address this ,we created a patients’ risk assessment electronic system. ThisRead MoreHCS451 Risk Assessment Summary811 Words   |  4 PagesTerm Care is a 40 bed skilled nursing facility, specializing in Alzheimers and dementia patients. The management team at Agape has decided to make risk management a focus in the upcoming year, and has hired a consultant to perform an assessment and formulate a plan for risk management. Long term care facilities serve over 3 million Americans, and that number is growing every year. (Rubbens, 2007)With the boom in the need for long term care, comes more risks. Risk management is designed to mitigateRead MorePressure Ulcers As An Area Of Skin And The Tissues1287 Words   |  6 Pageshad never really known much about pressure ulcers before nursing. The frequency to which pressure ulcers can occur, and the level of severity they can develop was shocking to me. This is the main reason this topic interested me. 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Case Study of Macroeconomic Analysis Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: 1.Do you think that a fall in interest rate would lead to an increase in business investment? Why? 2.Assume that there has been a rise in business investment in response to the lower interest rates, what would happen to aggregate demand curve, real GDP and price level? Discuss using an appropriate diagram? Answer: Introduction The present study is based on macroeconomic analysis by considering current steps taken by the Australian Prime Minister for better management of the current situation of the country. The study is bifurcated into two parts. The first part of the study deals with the relationship of interest rate and business investment and consequence on investment if interest rate reduces. The second part of the study is based on the relationship of aggregate demand and business investment and consequence on aggregate demand if business investment increases. For better understanding description is supported by appropriate examples and theories. 1. Owing to the step taken by the Australian Prime Minister of cutting down expenditure in all fronts, to reduce government budget deficit resulting in reluctance among people to spend and invest, the Reserve Bank of Australia has lowered the official cash rate, and consequently, commercial banks have lowered their interest rates for the borrowers. Lower Interest rates persuade people and businesses to make the additional investment, boost the spending potential, which ultimately gives rise to the economy in the phase of sluggish economic growth. The Reserve Bank of Australia is in charge of setting interest rates for Australia through monetary policy use (Mankiw, 2014). The RBA adjusts interest rates in order to affect the market demand for goods, services investments, borrowings and businesses. Interest rate fluctuations have an immense effect on the stock market, inflation in the market, investments made by people, borrowing capacity of business and the economy as a whole. RBAs most powerful tool to reduce insecurity among public and raise their investment spending and thereby push the country out of phase of the recession (Baker, Bloom and Davis, 2016). Therefore reducing the interest rates would naturally lead to increase in business investment. The reason behind the logic of lower interest rates and higher investment capacity is that lower rates signify the presence of ample amount of money to get into the system. With lower cash reserve rates banks have huge cash on hand, which raises their interest to lend it to people and businesses, and therefore, they reduce the interest rate on bank loans, overdrafts and current accounts (Malkiel, 2015). Another side of the reduced rates of interest is also reflected in the more competitive price of goods and services, all because it lowers the financing cost of operations, manufacturing and distribution processes for companies. This also attracts people to make or raise investment into the stock market which would result in higher returns than the bank deposits and bonds. This eventually makes credit card debt more expensive in comparison to other loans, since their money can earn high returns on several other investments, they use their extra money for paying down their credit cards . Thereby ultimately RBA uses monetary policy to stabilize the economy. The RBA controls the central fund rate influencing long-term interest rates, charged by banking institutions internally for overnight loans of reserves needed to meet minimum reserve requirements, eventually leading to increased investment spending, employment in market, output and inflation. Lowered interest rates help in business planning too. During this time companies plan for expansion since the cost of expansion is lowered. Due to such expansion, employment is generated leading to higher pay scales (Lung, 2014). Eventually, money flows into the consumer sector with attractive options of purchases, resulting in increased consumer purchases. More buying due to more spending capacity leads to higher prices, more profits and more production to meet growing consumer demand, and the cycle goes on. InMacroeconomics the relationship of investment and interest rate is best described by the investment/saving (IS) curve, a graphical representation of two intersecting curves. IS-LM model is a variation of the income-expenditure model integrating the interest rates in the market (demand), while the liquidity preference/money supply equilibrium (LM) curve portrays money available for investing (supply). The model helps to explain in a pictorial form, decisions of investors with money available and the amount of interest they will receive. The state of Equilibrium is achieved when the amount of investment is equal to the amount available to invest. Another relationship is the money market, where the volume of money demanded increases with collective income and decreases with the interest rate. The IS curve is the negative relationship between interest rate and output. 2. Aggregate Demand: Aggregate Demand is the summation of overall demand of goods and services in the economy. Its the macroeconomic term which defines the relationship between each and everything purchased with the boundaries of country and its prices. Everything purchased is same as everything produced within the country. It is equivalent to the gross domestic product of that economy (Cingano, 2014). Aggregate demand curve reflects the quantity demanded at each price in the economy. It is same to same as demand curve in microeconomics. It shows how demand changes in response to price. Components of Aggregate Demand are as follows: Consumer Spending: Its the amount which an individual spends on final goods and services which are not used for investment. Goods purchased for resale are not included in this. They are considered as an investment. Investments spending by business: It includes spending on equipments, building, machinery and inventory. Government spending on goods and services: It doesnt include unilateral payments such as Social security, Medicare and Medicaid because these don't increase demand (Choi and Holmes, 2014). Difference between Exports and Imports: It is net of exports from imports of goods and services within an economy. Aggregate Demand= C+I+G+(X-M) As per views of Burdekin and Langdana (2015), if there is a fall in interest rates then it will lead to increase in business spending and spending on final goods and services. In Short run, a rise in business investment will lead to change in Aggregate Demand. It will shift the aggregate demand curve towards the right. Considering an example if interest rates are reduced from 7% to 5 % and it has increased business investment by $50 billion per year. Assuming that multiplier is 2 then Aggregate Demand curve will shift rightwards by $100 billion. At the price level of 1.0 GDP demand rises from $8000 to $8100. Investment adds to the capital stock of capital and amount or quantity of capital available to an economy is a crucial factor in its productivity. Increase in investment also causes an upward shift in production possibility curve. It also implies that in the Long run also Aggregate Demand curve will take a forward shift if there is an increase in investment. In the long run, it also increases the nations stock of capital and as well as human capital. Apart from reducing the interest rates, there are also other factors which increase the Aggregate Demand i.e. Increase in Consumer Spendings, Increase in Exports or Decrease in Imports and Increase in Government Expenditure on final goods and services (Balassa, 2014). The increment in these factors will lead to rightward in AD Curve. All of these effects are the inverse of the factors that tend to decrease aggregate demand. Reduction in official cash rate will lead commercial banks to reduce the lending rate for borrowers. Simultaneously it will reduce the intensity of individuals for savings and will motivate them and business to spend on investments. Accordingly, with the increase in investment Aggregate demand will also increase in both short run and long run. In the long run, this will not also increase the physical capital of the nation but also the human capital of the nation. Conclusion In accordance with the present study; it can be concluded that interest rate and business investment has a negative correlation as with the reduction of interest rate there is an increase in business investment. Further business investment and aggregate demand of economy shares positive relationship as with the increase in business investment there is a right shift in aggregate demand curve of the economy which shows an overall increment of demand in the economy. References Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J., 2016. Measuring economic policy uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), pp.1593-1636. Balassa, B., 2014. Development Strategies'.InternationalEconomics and Development: Essays in Honor of Ral Prebisch, p.159. Burdekin, R. and Langdana, F., 2015.Budget deficits and economic performance (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Choi, D.F. and Holmes, M.J., 2014. Budget deficits and real interest rates: a regime-switching reflection on Ricardian Equivalence.Journal of Economics and Finance,38(1), pp.71-83. Cingano, F., 2014. Trends in income inequality and its impact on economic growth. Lung, T.Y., 2014. The Influence Study of Investment Optimization Timing Toward Debt Financing Under Interest Rate Uncertainty by Data Probability Analysis.Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences,35(4), pp.379-385. Malkiel, B.G., 2015.Term structure of interest rates: expectations and behaviour patterns. Princeton University Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Willett, T.D. and Laney, L.O., 2014. Monetarism, budget deficits, and wage push inflation: the cases of Italy and the UK.PSL Quarterly Review,31(127).

Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay Example

Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay Abstract- The modeling of fiscal systems continues to keep great involvement for non lone research workers but besides investors and policymakers. Many of the features of these systems, nevertheless, can non be adequately captured by traditional fiscal modeling attacks. Fiscal systems are complex, nonlinear, dynamically altering systems in which it is frequently hard to place mutualist variables and their values. Financial securities firm is concerned with put to deathing orders of purchasing and merchandising of certain sums of portions at the best possible monetary value. Many mathematical and algorithmic systems have been developed for this undertaking, nevertheless they can non look to get the better of a criterion volume based system. This paper proposes a new model for high frequence trading utilizing an intelligent fuzzy logic based impulse analysis system. The system was applied to securities firm of fiscal stocks, and tested against the criterion volume based securities firm system. The Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System has proven to surpass the traditional and standard systems that are used in the industry. Keywords ; Finacial securities firm ; fuzzed logic ; high frequence trading. Introduction It is good known that a chief insufficiency of much economic theory is that it postulates exact functional relationships between variables. On the other manus in fiscal clip series analysis, information points seldom lie precisely on consecutive lines or smooth maps. [ 7 ] suggests that trying to suit these nonlinear phenomena will present an unacceptable degree of instability in theoretical accounts. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a consequence of this intractableness, research workers and investors are turning to unreal intelligence techniques to better inform their theoretical accounts, making determination support systems that can assist a human user better understand complex fiscal systems such as stock markets. Artificial intelligence systems in portfolio choice have been shown to hold a public presentation border over the human portfolio director and recent research suggests that attacks that incorporate unreal intelligence techniques are besides likely to surpass classical fiscal theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Artificial intelligence attacks have late been normally adopted in fiscal modeling. Traditionally, stock market calculating methodological analysiss have been based on either cardinal or proficient analysis. Cardinal analysis efforts to find the intrinsic value of stocks based on extended macroeconomic informations, whereas proficient analysis relies on analyzing market activity, peculiarly historic monetary values and volume. Whilst there is much back uping research for both schemes in fiscal theory we focus on systems utilizing proficient methodological analysis as the subjective and complex nature of cardinal analysis means it has, to day of the month, received small attending in unreal intelligence research. Fuzzy logic was foremost introduced by [ 6 ] . It is a signifier of multivalent logic which, whilst retaining the deductive construction of classical symbolic logic, includes the construct of grade of truth. Rather than being either true or false, as in binary logic, statements in fuzzed logic have a rank map which defines a fuzzy set ( as opposed to a chip set in conventional set theory ) . Fuzzy logic is hence an ideal attack to jobs that require a representation that can cover with estimates, uncertainness and deficient information and it has been applied to spheres every bit diverse as pattern acknowledgment [ 10 ] , railroad control systems [ 2 ] and computing machine game design [ 11 ] . The regulation base and illation engine of a fuzzed system is comparable to that of the cognition base of an expert system. The application of fuzzed set theory in economic science was foremost presented by [ 12 ] and has since received much attending [ 3 ] Time series theoretical accounts were foremost combined with fuzzed theory by [ 5 ] giving rise to fuzzy time-series, the cardinal model of all the investing systems. Research workers making stock trading systems have implemented many fluctuations of this theoretical account. Most late, [ 1 ] has proposed the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ( ANFIS ) , which combine the prognostic belongingss of nervous webs, with the concluding mechanisms of fuzzed logic to make an machine-controlled trading and prediction system that has been used for high frequence trading of foreign exchange currencies markets ( FOREX ) . This paper is outlined as follows. In subdivision II we give a general overview about fuzzed logic illation systems. Section III introduces the fuzzed logic impulse analysis system ( FL-MAS ) . Section IV explains the methodological analysis of utilizing FL-MAS for securities firm. Section V provides a public presentation analysis of the system. Finally, reasoning comments are given in Section VI. Fuzzy illation Systems Many types of fuzzed illation systems have been proposed in literature, nevertheless, in the execution of an ANFIS for fiscal anticipations and appraisal, the most suited theoretical account is the Sugeno theoretical account, which uses if-then-rules to bring forth an end product for each regulation which is the additive combination of the input variables plus a changeless term, and the concluding end product is the leaden norm of each regulation s end product. The regulation base in the Sugeno Model, has regulations of the signifier: If X is A1 and Y is B1 so f1 = p1* x + q1* y + r1 If X is A2 and Y is B2 so f2 = p2 * x + q2 * y + r2 ( 1 ) where X A ; Y are predefined rank maps, Ai and Bi are rank values, and pi, chi, and Rhode Island are the attendant parametric quantities that are updated in the forward base on balls in the acquisition algorithm. When we calculate the equation of First order Sugeno the grade of rank variable of X1 in rank map of Ai is multiplied by the grade of rank variable of X2 in rank map Bi and the merchandise is deemed a first Liner Regression Weight ( Wi ) . Finally the leaden mean F1 and F2 is deemed the concluding end product ( Z ) which is calculated as follows: A fuzzed illation systems shown in Fig. 1 is a regulation based fuzzy system that can be seen as an associatory memory and is made of five constituents ; regulation base which consists of the fuzzed if-then regulations, the informations base which defines rank maps of the fuzzed sets used in the fuzzy regulations, the determination devising unit which is the nucleus unit and is besides known as the illation engine, the fuzzification interface which transforms chip inputs into grades of fiting lingual values, and eventually the defuzzification interface which transforms fuzzed consequences into sharp end product [ 13 ] . Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System Making a fuzzed illation system to observe impulse is a complex undertaking. The designation of assorted market conditions has been a subject topic to assorted theories [ 14 ] and suggestions. This paper proposes a fuzzed illation system which categorises the market conditions into 7 classs based on monetary value motion, and will utilize the current volume to find the engagement rates ( PR ) of the trading system each clip. Fuzzy Inference Momentum Analysis The first measure in planing the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System, FL-MAS, is specifying the market conditions that the fuzzy system has to place. In this paper we use the following 7 market conditions to cover all possible motions of the monetary value series: Beat uping Strong up Slightly up Average Slightly down Strong down Crashing These conditions are considered as lingual values for the fuzzy logic system, and will be used to find the current province of the monetary value formation and its impulse. As impulse is built up, the system looks at the old x sum of ticks and performs an illation process by adding all the motions of the current monetary value to the old monetary value to find whether the general tendency has been up or down after ten points. In other words, impulse is detected by the followers: where is the current monetary value, is the old monetary value, and is a fluctuating counter which goes up or down harmonizing to the motion of the monetary value. whenever monetary value goes up it adds 1, when the monetary value goes down it subtracts 1, therefore this can be used in placing market conditions for x sum of points, where if the market is traveling strongly upwards, it will be detected by holding more 1s than -1 or 0s. This can be explained in the undermentioned equation: ( 2 ) where is the period that we want to observe the impulse for. For illustration, if we want to observe the impulse of the last 100 ticks, we add all the up, down fluctuations and so feed the ensuing figure to the fuzzy system which would lie someplace in the rank maps shown in Fig. 2. Membership maps for the lingual variable of market conditions The same process is applied for ciphering the lingual variable volatility, where the lingual values are as follows: Very fast Fast Medium Decelerate Very slow The fuzzy logic system takes both market impulse and volatility in consideration ; it generates the regulations, and eventually takes a determination based upon the sum of market engagement. The Data Experiments in this paper have been carried out on high frequence tick-data of both Vodafone Group plc ( VOD ) and Nokia Corporation ( NOK ) . For both stocks, 2 months of high frequence tick-data between 2nd Jan 2009 and 27th Feb 2009 has been obtained, and split into 30 subdivisions each. This was done in order to avoid any car correlativity between the monetary values. In other words, the fuzzy logic system gets the first batch of informations, performs all the actions of bargains or sells on it, so the same is process repeated utilizing the criterion volume based system, eventually comparing the public presentation of both systems. Once the observation is obtained, the system skips about 10000 ticks and performs the same operations once more, for 30 times, each clip observing the public presentation of both systems. It has to be mentioned that 2 months of high frequence tick informations is a significantly big sum of informations, taking in consideration that for each loop the sy stem takes the analysis of the impulse of the past 100 ticks. Fig. 3 shows how the information is split after each simulation in order to avoid any possible similarities or autocorrelation in the monetary value. FL-MAS for securities firm tick informations discarded tick informations High frequence tick by tick informations Sim 1 Sim 2 Sim N The chief aim of the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System ( FL-MAS ) implemented in this paper is to surpass the industry criterion volume system, that has been used by securities firm houses to put to death big orders of purchasing or selling a certain stock. Many systems have used quantum modeling and analysis to find the assorted engagement rates ( PR ) , nevertheless they normally fail to surpass the criterion volume system in the long term [ 15 ] . This paper uses FL-MAS presented in subdivision 3, to find the PR in the market harmonizing to the current impulse. In other words, if we are on a bargain order, we would prefer to increase the PR ( figure of portions bought at that clip ) , when the monetary value is low, and diminish the engagement when the monetary value is high. Tick informations splitting mechanism Standard Volume System ( SVS ) A standard securities firm mechanism for put to deathing big orders is a simple volume based system, which parses the volume being traded, whenever a certain sum of portions ( a threshold ) have been traded, the system would purchase or sell ( depending on the order ) a certain per centum of that. In other words, if there is an order to merchandise 1 million portions of a certain stock. The threshold would be for e.g. 10,000 portions, and whenever 10,000 portions have been traded, if the PR is set to 25 % , the system would purchase or sell 25 % of the mean volume. ( 3 ) where N is the figure of operations required to make the mark order for illustration 1 million portions, % is a fixed PR, for illustration, 25 % whenever the threshold is exceeded. The above system has proved to be efficient and is being adopted by many securities firm houses around the universe. The purpose of this paper, is to turn out that FL-MAS outperforms this type of system on the long tally. FL-MAS The thought here is to utilize the fuzzy logic impulse analysis system described in subdivision 3, to place what market status we are presently shacking in. This will let us to change the PR ( % ) . This provides an advantage, since the system can merchandise sharply when the status is at an extreme. It would besides understate its trading when the status is at another extreme. In other words, if we are selling million portions, the system will do a trade whenever the threshold of volume has been exceeded. However if the current market status indicates that the monetary value is really high or beat uping so we know that this is a good clip to sell a batch of portions, for illustration 40 % of the current volume. The same thing applies for when the impulse indicates that the monetary value is strong down which means that the system should sell less sums of volume at this low monetary value, for illustration 15 % . The contrary mechanism applies for purchasing portions. When the market is crashing, this is a good index that we should purchase a big ball of volume ( 40 % ) , and when the monetary value is at an mean point, this means that it would act like the SVS system i.e. purchasing 25 % of Volume. This is shown in Table 1. Engagement rates for buy side and the sell side of FL-MAS Market Condition Buying Praseodymium Selling Praseodymium Beat uping 10 % 40 % Strong up 15 % 35 % Slightly up 20 % 30 % Average 25 % 25 % Slightly down 30 % 20 % Strong down 35 % 15 % Crashing 40 % 10 % Performance Measures After implementing both SVS and FL-MAS, the standards at which both systems will be compared against each other will be the outperformance of FL-MAS on the SVS in footing points. TheA footing point is a unit of step used frequently to depict the per centum at which a alteration in the value or rate of a fiscal instrument has occurred. One footing point is a1/100th of a per centum orA 0.01 % . It is besides tantamount to 0.0001 in denary signifier. To cipher the betterment ( elf ) for the buy side in footing points we use the undermentioned expression: iˆ?iˆ?iˆÂ © For the Sell Side the betterment in footing points is: iˆ?iˆÂ µiˆÂ © Where is the entire cost of purchasing x sum of portions utilizing FL-MAS, and is the entire cost of purchasing the same figure of portions utilizing the traditional SVS. Consequences This subdivision displays the consequences of utilizing both FL-MAS and SVS to purchase 1million portions of VOD and NOK. For each symbol 30 simulations have been carried on the tick-data set described in subdivision 3. The information has been split as described in order to avoid any autocorrelations, both systems have been run and tested on the same information sets. Table 2 displays the cost at each simulation for purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing both systems. The mean monetary value of the whole set is besides displayed, and eventually the betterment of FL-MAS against SVS is displayed. This betterment rate can be either positive ; when FL-MAS has outperformed SVS or negative ; when FL-MAS was outperformed by SVS. Table 3 provides a full analysis of Table 2, by demoing clearly the mean outperformance rate of purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing FL-MAS, which turns out to be a positive of 2.98 footing points, which means that on mean utilizing FL-MAS we save about 3 footing points whenever we buy 1 million portion of NOK. Table 3 besides displays the consequences of implementing both systems to purchase 1 million portions of VOD. These consequences for VOD ( besides displayed on Fig.4 ) show a much higher mean of around 12.5 footing points. Experiments have been performed once more by reshuffling the information sets utilizing the informations slots that have non been used before, and the observations were really similar to these consequences. Hence another measuring mechanism was to detect the median of the consequences. The median is described as the figure dividing the higher half of a sample or distribution from the lower half. Both Medians for NOK, and VOD were positive, bespeakin g that on mean FL-MAS outperforms SVS for all the purchasing Simulations. Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for purchasing 1M portions of NOK Average Monetary value Cost of purchasing 1m NOK Shares utilizing FLMAS Cost of purchasing 1m NOK Shares utilizing SVS Improvement in footing points 11.55 11278964 11285761 6.02 12.19 11581642 11572708 -7.72 11.57 11904468 11910571 5.12 11.12 11610312 11581174 -25.16 11.45 11076799 11087759 9.88 11.36 11456338 11452293 -3.53 11.03 11390049 11404634 12.79 10.89 10947120 10956223 8.31 10.45 10923870 10950576 24.39 10.31 10373596 10377899 4.15 10.63 10354815 10367941 12.66 10.78 10655795 10644194 -10.90 10.70 10816236 10814437 -1.66 10.45 10723627 10737409 12.84 10.24 10281461 10286957 5.34 10.48 10214443 10205979 -8.29 9.67 10553155 10547707 -5.17 9.67 9581014 9602197 22.06 9.40 9754339 9740190 -14.53 9.22 9521736 9544895 24.26 9.10 9282640 9280416 -2.40 9.38 9135088 9149560 15.82 9.27 9434147 9457587 24.78 9.42 9262702 9272236 10.28 9.77 9439104 9430047 -9.60 9.87 9807817 9799844 -8.14 9.49 9880881 9885421 4.59 9.58 9585207 9580119 -5.31 9.48 9619778 9624263 4.66 9.40 9556780 9555829 -1.00 9.67 9350444 9359424 9.59 9.98 9724834 9707290 -18.07 9.94 9869580 9869177 -0.41 Analysis of consequences of purchasing 1m portions of NOK and VOD Mean ( elf ) Median ( elf ) Entire ( elf ) Buying NOK 2.98 4.63 101.18 Buying VOD 12.48 1.58 374.53 Besides the entire betterment of both is really high indicating that for both the 30 simulations, a 101.18 footing points was saved utilizing FL-MAS on NOK, and a 374.53 on VOD. Buying 1m portions of VOD Similarly, the sell side is displayed in Table 4, and analysed in Table 5. Similar to the bargain side, all simulations and experiments utilizing FL-MAS and SVS, have displayed that on mean FL-MAS has proved to be the better system, and therefore would increase the profitableness of a fiscal securities firm house that executes multiple big orders. Fig. 5 displays the merchandising of 1m portions of VOD. Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for selling 1M portions of VOD Average Monetary value Cost of selling 1m VOD Shares utilizing FLMAS Cost of selling 1m VOD Shares utilizing SVS Improvement in footing points 139.75 138379831 138304137 5.47 142.10 141880579 141466276 29.20 147.30 145752861 145974583 -15.21 145.70 147127925 147242618 -7.80 144.50 145284236 145840646 -38.30 148.30 141887321 141926909 -2.79 138.30 138593022 138540789 3.77 137.60 138159371 138119542 2.88 138.45 137192635 137152512 2.92 138.80 136243869 137297036 -77.30 138.70 138854269 138889050 -2.50 135.95 134818894 134622571 14.56 133.85 135551066 135198498 26.01 136.50 133744440 133824812 -6.01 135.55 136450408 136384280 4.85 139.50 136381824 136248448 9.78 138.30 138364382 138217262 10.63 136.85 136263730 136277519 -1.01 134.20 133894601 133855738 2.90 134.56 133894289 132534941 101.52 127.10 129477007 129129593 26.83 128.90 127159502 127174918 -1.21 130.85 129889373 129821846 5.20 135.50 130203793 130019981 14.12 136.85 135468629 135441956 1.97 136.45 136622702 136595289 2.01 138.05 136719313 136746751 -2.01 136.65 134943043 135082269 -10.32 132.15 133857223 134159108 -22.55 Analysis of consequences of Selling 1m portions of NOK and VOD Mean ( elf ) Median ( elf ) Entire ( elf ) Selling NOK 1.6812 2.9291 57.16 Selling VOD 2.73 2.46 81.83 Selling 1m portions of VOD Decision The job of order executing is a really complicated one. To be able to supply the best monetary value, an executing system has to dynamically alter the engagement rates at each case in order to provide for monetary value alterations, which are driven by impulse and volatility. This paper has introduced a system that makes usage of fuzzed logic, in order to ground out the current market status which is produced by the accretion of impulse. FL-MAS is a fuzzed logic impulse analysis system that outperforms the traditional systems used in industry which are frequently based on put to deathing orders based on the leaden norm of the current volume. Consequences of the enforced system have been displayed and compared against the traditional system. The system proves that on norm it increases profitableness on orders both on the bargain and sell sides. Further work and research has to be done to optimize the public presentation of the system. This could either include the usage of a familial algorithm to optimize the rank maps or the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy systems which would bring forth all the possible regulations for the system.